Growth hormone and bone metabolism are connected through the regulation of skeletal growth, bone formation and tissue remodelling. Growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) influence bone cells throughout life, from childhood growth plate activity to the maintenance […]
Growth hormone receptor mutations provide some of the clearest evidence that producing growth hormone (GH) and responding to it are separate biological processes. The growth hormone receptor (GHR) allows cells to recognise GH and activate intracellular pathways involved in growth, […]
Growth hormone sex differences are an important feature of human endocrine physiology. Although growth hormone (GH) performs similar fundamental functions in males and females, its secretion patterns, hormonal regulation and downstream effects are not identical. Studies of the GH–IGF-1 axis […]
Growth hormone and ageing are closely linked through changes in the hypothalamic–pituitary endocrine system. Human studies consistently show that growth hormone (GH) secretion declines with advancing adulthood, accompanied by changes in circulating insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). However, declining GH […]
Growth hormone and fasting have a distinctive relationship. During food deprivation, pituitary growth hormone (GH) secretion often increases, even though circulating insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) may remain unchanged or decline. This apparent contradiction reflects nutritional regulation of the GH–IGF-1 […]
Growth hormone and exercise are closely connected through the body’s endocrine response to physical activity. Both resistance and endurance exercise can temporarily increase circulating growth hormone (GH), although the magnitude varies with intensity, duration and individual physiology. Importantly, a larger […]
Growth hormone and sleep are closely connected through the hypothalamic–pituitary endocrine system. Human studies show that a substantial growth hormone (GH) secretory pulse frequently occurs shortly after sleep begins, particularly during slow-wave sleep. However, GH secretion is influenced by sleep […]
Growth hormone isoforms are different molecular forms of human growth hormone (GH). Although GH is frequently described as a single hormone, circulating blood contains several variants with distinct structures and analytical properties. The two best-characterised pituitary forms are 22 kDa […]
Growth hormone stimulation tests assess the capacity of the pituitary to release growth hormone (GH) following a controlled physiological or pharmacological stimulus. They are important in specialist endocrine assessment because spontaneous GH secretion varies considerably throughout the day. A low […]
CJC-1295 vs tesamorelin compares two synthetic growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) analogues that stimulate pituitary growth hormone (GH) secretion. Both act through GHRH receptors, but they differ in molecular design, circulating persistence and the strength of their human clinical evidence. Importantly, […]